Introduction Food, clothing, and shelter form the basic needs of human survival. Clothing originally evolved as a functional response to climate and environmental conditions. Over time, however, clothing has shifted from necessity to identity and aspiration. This transformation, intensified by fast fashion, has led to unprecedented levels of textile consumption and waste. Textile waste today represents one of the most pressing environmental challenges, driven not by lack of technology but by overproduction, accelerated consumption, and disposability. The Scale and Nature of Textile Waste Textile waste is generated throughout the lifecycle of clothing, from raw material processing to post-consumer disposal. Pre-consumer waste includes fabric scraps, defective materials, cutting waste, and unsold inventory, while post-consumer waste consists of discarded garments and household textiles after use. Although these categories are useful for classification, both originate from the...
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